References

Andrade, B.O., Koch, C., Boldrini, I.I., VĂ©lez-Martin, E., Hasenack, H., Hermann, J.-M., Kollmann, J., Pillar, V.D., Overbeck, G.E., 2015. Grassland degradation and restoration: a conceptual framework of stages and thresholds illustrated by southern Brazilian grasslands. Natureza & Conservação 13, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.08.002

Andrade B.O., Bonilha C.L., Overbeck G.E, et al. (2019) Classification of South Brazilian grasslands: Implications for conservation. Applied Vegetation Science. 22:168–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12413.

Baeza, S., Vélez-Martin, E., De Abelleyra, D., Banchero, S., Gallego, F., Schirmbeck, J., Veron, S., Vallejos, M., Weber, E., Oyarzabal, M., Barbieri, A., Petek, M., Guerra Lara, M., Sarrailhé, S.S., Baldi, G., Bagnato, C., Bruzzone, L., Ramos, S., Hasenack, H., 2022. Two decades of land cover mapping in the Río de la Plata grassland region: The MapBiomas Pampa initiative. Remote Sens Appl 28, 100834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2022.100834

Baggio, R., Overbeck, G.E., Durigan, G., Pillar, V.D., 2021. To graze or not to graze: A core question for conservation and sustainable use of grassy ecosystems in Brazil. Perspect Ecol Conserv 19, 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2021.06.002

Baldocchi, D.D., 2003. Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future. Glob Chang Biol 9, 479–492. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x

Baldocchi, D., Chu, H., Reichstein, M., 2018. Inter-annual variability of net and gross ecosystem carbon fluxes: A review. Agric For Meteorol 249, 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.05.015

Barbieri, C.W., F. de Quadros, F.L., Jochims, F., Soares, É.M., de Oliveira, L.B., Carvalho, R.M.R., Dutra, G.M., de Lima, F.X., Gusatto, F., 2014. Sward Structural Characteristics and Performance of Beef Heifers Reared under Rotational Grazing Management on Campos Grassland. Am J Plant Sci 05, 1020–1029. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.57114

Bencke, G., 2009. Diversidade e conservação da fauna dos Campos do Sul do Brasil. Campos Sulinos: Conservação e Uso Sustentável da Biodiversidade 101–121.

Boldrini, I.L.O.B.B., 2010. Bioma pampa: diversidade florĂ­stica e fisionĂŽmica. Brasil. Editora Pallotti.

Burba, G. (2021). Eddy Covariance Method for Scientific, Regulatory and Commercial Applications. Lincoln, Nebraska: LI-COR Biosciences. Eddy Covariance Book by George Burba | LI-COR Environmental

Carbon Credits.Com. (2024, 12 January). Live Carbon Prices Today. Live Carbon Prices Today, Carbon Price Charts ‱ Carbon Credits

Cezimbra, I.M., de Albuquerque Nunes, P.A., de Souza Filho, W., Tischler, M.R., Genro, T.C.M., Bayer, C., Savian, J.V., Bonnet, O.J.F., Soussana, J.-F., de Faccio Carvalho, P.C., 2021. The potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome. Science of The Total Environment 780, 146582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146582

Chapin, F.S., G.M. Woodwell, J.T. Randerson, E.B. Rastetter, G.M. Lovett, D. D. Baldocchi, D. A. Clark, M. E. Harmon, D. S. Schimel, R. Valentini, C. Wirth, J. D. Aber, J. J. Cole, M. L. Goulden, J. W. Harden, M. Heimann, R. W. Howarth, P. A. Matson, A. D. McGuire 
 E. -D Schulze. 2006. Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods. Ecosystems 9(7): 1041–1050. doi: 10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7.

Confortin, A.C.C., Quadros, F.L.F., Santos, A.B., Seibert, L., Severo, P.O., Ribeiro, B.S.R., 2017. Leaf tissue fluxes of Pampa biome native grasses submitted to two grazing intervals. Grass and Forage Science 72, 654–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12261

Dill, M.D., Emvalomatis, G., Saatkamp, H., Rossi, J.A., Pereira, G.R., Barcellos, J.O.J., 2015. Factors affecting adoption of economic management practices in beef cattle production in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. J Rural Stud 42, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.09.004

Dclimate, (2023, April 19). Data ReFined Decoded - What is a Dynamic Carbon Token?. Data ReFined Decoded - What is a Dynamic Carbon Token?

Dclimate, (2024, Feb 23). Data ReFined #26: State of ReFi Report, Blockchain-Native Carbon Credits, and Remote Agricultural Mapping. Data ReFined #26: State of ReFi Report, Blockchain-Native Carbon Credits, and Remote Agricultural Mapping

Dclimate, (2024, March 18). MRV: the Key to Unlocking the Voluntary Carbon Market. MRV: the Key to Unlocking the Voluntary Carbon Market

Fedrigo, J.K., Ataide, P.F., Filho, J.A., Oliveira, L. v., Jaurena, M., Laca, E.A., Overbeck, G.E., Nabinger, C., 2018. Temporary grazing exclusion promotes rapid recovery of species richness and productivity in a long-term overgrazed Campos grassland. Restor Ecol 26, 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12635

Gatti, L. V., Basso, L.S., Miller, J.B., Gloor, M., Gatti Domingues, L., Cassol, H.L.G., Tejada, G., AragĂŁo, L.E.O.C., Nobre, C., Peters, W., Marani, L., Arai, E., Sanches, A.H., CorrĂȘa, S.M., Anderson, L., Von Randow, C., Correia, C.S.C., Crispim, S.P., Neves, R.A.L., 2021. Amazonia is a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change. Nature 595, 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6

Goidts, E., van Wesemael, B., 2007. Regional assessment of soil organic carbon changes under agriculture in Southern Belgium (1955–2005). Geoderma 141, 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.06.013

Gomes, S., Lopes, J.M., Nogueira, S., 2023. Willingness to pay more for green products: A critical challenge for Gen Z. J Clean Prod 390, 136092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136092 Gourlez de la Motte, L., JĂ©rĂŽme, E., Mamadou, O., Beckers, Y., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M., 2016. Carbon balance of an intensively grazed permanent grassland in southern Belgium. Agric For Meteorol 228–229, 370–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.009

Gomez-Casanovas, N., Delucia, N.J., Bernacchi, C.J., Boughton, E.H., Sparks, J.P., Chamberlain, S.D., Delucia, E.H., 2018. Grazing alters net ecosystem C fluxes and the global warming potential of a subtropical pasture. Ecological Applications 28, 557–572. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1670

Gourlez de la Motte, L., JĂ©rĂŽme, E., Mamadou, O., Beckers, Y., Bodson, B., Heinesch, B., Aubinet, M., 2016. Carbon balance of an intensively grazed permanent grassland in southern Belgium. Agric For Meteorol 228–229, 370–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.06.009

Guan,K., Z. Jin, B. Peng, J. Tang, E. Delucia, P. West, C. Jiang, S. Wang, T. Kim, W. Zhou, T. Griffis, L. Liu, W.H. Yang, Z. Qin, Q. Yang, A. Margenot, E.R. Stuchiner, V. Kumar, C. Bernacchi, J. Coppess, K. Novick, J. Gerber, M. Jahn, M. Khanna, D. Lee, Z. Chen, S. Yang. A scalable framework for quantifying field-level agricultural carbon outcomes. Earth-Science Reviews, 104462 (2023), 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104462

Hasenack, H.; Weber, E.; Boldrini, I.; Trevisan, R.; Flores, C.; Dewes, H. (2023). Biophysical delineation of grassland ecological systems in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Iheringia - SĂ©rie BotĂąnica, DOI: 778. 10.21826/2446-82312023v78e2023001.

Jaurena, M., Durante, M., Devincenzi, T., Savian, J. V., Bendersky, D., Moojen, F.G., Pereira, M., Soca, P., Quadros, F.L.F., Pizzio, R., Nabinger, C., Carvalho, P.C.F., Lattanzi, F.A., 2021. Native Grasslands at the Core: A New Paradigm of Intensification for the Campos of Southern South America to Increase Economic and Environmental Sustainability. Front Sustain Food Syst 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.547834

Kuinchtner, B.C., Ferreira De Quadros, F.L., Casanova, P.T., Marin, L., Seeger, B.B., de Moura Steinhorst, D., Ongaratto, F., 2021. Thermal sum (degrees-days) rest period as a grazing management tool in natural grasslands: Effects on animal performance and forage production. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 10, 100125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2021.100125

Lal, R., 2004. Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security. Science (1979) 304, 1623–1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396

LĂłpez-GonzĂĄlez, F.A., Allende, R., de Lima, J.M.S., Canozzi, M.E.A., Sessim, A.G., Barcellos, J.O.J., 2020. Intensification of cow-calf production: How does the system respond biologically to energy inputs in a long-term horizon? Livest Sci 237, 104058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104058

Maboni, C. Fluxo De Metano No Bioma Pampa: Anålises Em Área De Arroz E De Pecuåria Tese. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2021.

Malafaia, G.C., Azevedo, D.B. de, Barcellos, J.O.J., 2011. Terroir, empreendedorismo e mecanismos de coordenação na pecuária de corte. Rev. Bras. Zootec 40, 195–203.

Meersmans, J., van Wesemael, B., van Molle, M., 2009. Determining soil organic carbon for agricultural soils: a comparison between the Walkley & Black and the dry combustion methods (north Belgium). Soil Use Manag 25, 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00242.x

Menezes LS, Ely CY, Lucas DB, Minervini-Silva GH, VĂ©lez-Martin E, Hasenack H, Trevisan R, Boldrini II, Pillar VD and Overbeck Ge. (2022). Reference values and drivers of diversity for the South Brazilian grassland plant communities. Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. 94: e20201079. DOI 10.1590/0001-3765202220201079.

Modernel, P., Dogliotti, S., Alvarez, S., Corbeels, M., Picasso, V., Tittonell, P., Rossing, W.A.H., 2018. Identification of beef production farms in the Pampas and Campos area that stand out in economic and environmental performance. Ecol Indic 89, 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.01.038

Oliveira, T.E. de, Freitas, D.S. de, Gianezini, M., Ruviaro, C.F., Zago, D., MĂ©rcio, T.Z., Dias, E.A., Lampert, V. do N., Barcellos, J.O.J., 2017. Agricultural land use change in the Brazilian Pampa Biome: The reduction of natural grasslands. Land use policy 63, 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.02.010

PallarĂ©s, O.R., Berretta, E. J, Maraschin, G. E., 2005. The South American Campos ecosystem, in Grasslands of the World. pp. 171–219

Peichl, M., Sonnentag, O., Wohlfahrt, G., Flanagan, L.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Kiely, G., Galvagno, M., Gianelle, D., Marcolla, B., Pio, C., Migliavacca, M., Jones, M.B., Saunders, M., 2013. Convergence of potential net ecosystem production among contrasting C 3 grasslands. Ecol Lett 16, 502–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12075

Ruviaro, C.F., da Costa, J.S., Florindo, T.J., Rodrigues, W., de Medeiros, G.I.B., Vasconcelos, P.S., 2016. Economic and environmental feasibility of beef production in different feed management systems in the Pampa biome, southern Brazil. Ecol Indic 60, 930–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.042

Skidmore, M.E., Moffett, F., Rausch, L., Christie, M., Munger, J., Gibbs, H.K., 2021. Cattle ranchers and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Production, location, and policies. Global Environmental Change 68, 102280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102280

Smith, K.A., Smith, K.A., Conen, F., 2004. Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases. Soil Use Manag 20, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1079/SUM2004238

Soriano, A., 1992. Rio de la Plata grasslands. Ecosystems of the world 8, 367–407.

Soussana, J.F., Tallec, T., Blanfort, V., 2010. Mitigating the greenhouse gas balance of ruminant production systems through carbon sequestration in grasslands. Animal 4, 334–350. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109990784

Tiscornia, G., Jaurena, M., Baethgen, W., 2019. Drivers, Process, and Consequences of Native Grassland Degradation: Insights from a Literature Review and a Survey in RĂ­o de la Plata Grasslands. Agronomy 9, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050239

Task Force on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets. (2021, January). Task Force on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets, Final Report. TSVCM

Viana, J.G.A., Vendruscolo, R., Silveira, V.C.P., de Quadros, F.L.F., Mezzomo, M.P., Tourrand, J.F., 2021. Sustainability of Livestock Systems in the Pampa Biome of Brazil: An Analysis Highlighting the Rangeland Dilemma. Sustainability 13, 13781. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413781

Vidal, J. (2023, January 18). Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows. The Guardian.Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows

Wall, A.M., Campbell, D.I., Mudge, P.L., Schipper, L.A., 2020. Temperate grazed grassland carbon balances for two adjacent paddocks were determined separately from one eddy covariance system. Agric For Meteorol 287, 107942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107942

Wang, J., Li, Y., Bork, E.W., Richter, G.M., Chen, C., Hussain Shah, S.H., Mezbahuddin, S., 2021. Effects of grazing management on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions of grasslands and rangelands: Monitoring, assessment, and scaling-up. J Clean Prod 288, 125737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125737

World Economic Forum. (2021). Consultation: Nature and Net Zero. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Report: Nature and Net Zero | World Economic Forum

World Economic Forum. (2023, April 25). Blockchain for Scaling Climate Action. World Economic Forum. Blockchain for Scaling Climate Action | World Economic Forum

Last updated